British
Cultural studies
Cultural
Studies is an interdisciplinary field, where certain concerns and methods have been
connected, it helps the readers to understand more about the field, about the phenomena and its relationships that were usually unaware for the readers, or which was not accessible for them even with help of existing disciplines
.Habitually ,it was after the publication of Richard Hoggart’s The use of literacy (1958) and Raymond
Williams, Culture and society , it was after these works that cultural studies
has began to be seen .To connect the text with the society what the culturalist
did was that rather by just writing about texts and the society separately they
connected it together they reconnected
it together .One was required to think
about how culture was figured in, as a whole .
It was from Structuralism that the British
cultural studies had European influence, structuralism has many adaptations,
but the common factor that it has is its interest in the systems, the set of relationships,
and the formal structures that frame and enable the production of meaning
.Richard Hoggart has emphasized that early in the history of cultural studies
in Britain, the cultural studies was not stable disciplinary base. The
Birmingham school was mainly represented by British Cultural studies
.The
four pillars or parents of British cultural studies are Richard Hoggart, E.P
Thompson, Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams. Hoggart was a left Leavisite he
favoured the uplift mend of the working class people through literary study, it
was after the publication of his classical work The use of Literacy appeared in
the 1950s, after which he became a celebrated member of various review bodies.
The role played by Raymond Williams
and other British researchersis ground breaking, the works of the European
Structuralists like Levis Straus, Saussure, Jacques Lacan Barthes
and Foucault, and mainly Althusser and Gramsci are central to British Cultural
studies. During the year 1950s cultural studies came into sight as a literary field
in Great Britain out of Leavisism, a literary form which was named after F.R
Leavis. It was through the works of Hoggart and Williams that the cultural
studies has developed because their works or their writings were firstly taken
up in the secondary schools and tertiary colleges as it was written, Raymond
Williams came in the frame of British Cultural during the early nineteen fifties,
later in the twentieth century he was considered as the leading literary
intellectual in Britain, he is one of the key figures of British Cultural
studies and also of media studies and communication
One of the important school of British
Cultural studies is Frankfurt school of British cultural studies; people like
William’s, Hoggart and Thomson shared a common idea of the so called “culture”
after the second war
Stuart
Hall can be picked up as a person who is been identified with the growth of
cultural studies as a distinguishable area of study .Stuart Hall has been
identified with Marxism, but still he is also been critical to its reductionist
tendencies and popular culture, and he had made his or path or way of studying popular
culture,the thoughts of ideology and
Hegemony and the ideas of Gramsci is been used significantly by Hall
Another name to be mentioned here is Richard
Hoggart was a Professor at Birmingham University in 1964, and this made a key
for him to act in establishing a centre for contemporary cultural studies, ,it
was Hoggart who became its first director .Hoggart considered Cultural studies
as his legacy due his authenticity that he concorded to the detailed study of
working class culture ,to make it clear that the life he came to know about the
ordinary peoples life ,and the way that they seek to live out their lives and
to make out their own history
The modern western culture has given great
importance to subjectivity and cultural studies. It was the French Models that
broke the earlier forms of cultural studies and it was after that the
discipline became internationalized and the main trio reasons that fall under this
is are the analysis of the British working class culture, especially in US or
Australia (“new world “states which fancied themselves relatively ).Cultural
studies knocked out the belief that any theory could stand outside the field of
it
Cultural
populism a term that became potential among the cultural studies anti hegemonic
tradition, cultural studies provides a ground for knowledge of, the multiple
audiences and combinations ,buy records ,and watch television and films and it
doesn’t fit just into the so called ‘popular’, ‘ordinary’ or ‘normal’
The
British Cultural studies coming into the field of American academic science
have adopted in inquiring about the disciplinary boundaries and academic
classification of knowledge which includes the construction and an appreciation
of suitable social research agendas .The research literature of American mass
communication studies assured a series of quick rewards due to the arrival of
British cultural studies .The Frankfurt school’s work had extended a broad
scope of modernist view of the cultural and varied forms of responses among the
media scholars and media scholars , it was from the British cultural studies
tradition that it created a political
discourse of intellectual climate created and maintained by a political
discourse ,British culture can be categorised under intellectual tradition ,it also invoked the
critics of mass communication research with its agitating with probe towards contemporary
social problems British cultural studies holds its own rendition as a cultural
phenomena ,British cultural studies tries
to give more attention to the fact or it gives focus to identity as more like
an issue
Race
and gender has played a key role in British cultural studies. It was in the
year 1964 that the “Birmingham school for contemporary cultural studies was instituted,
the first brain of it was Richard Hoggart, it was accepted to furnish an
institutional structure for the study of culture.
The very term culture is been
identified and pointed out by the thinkers and critics in different way
according to the situation to which is been attributed, when we talk about
culture in literal sense it can have different connotative meaning for a single
word culture, while we take the same word into literary sense then also it
cannot be defined because when we try to answer a problem or a question in the
field or sense of ‘culture’ it may sometimes divert from the very meaning
of what it actually meant.
Bibliography
Miler, Tobby. "A companion to
cultural studies." Miller, Tobby. Wiley John & sons , n.d.
Morley,
David and Chen Kuan Hsing. "Cultural dialogues in cultural
studies." Hall, Stuart. Routledge, n.d.
Turner,
Graeme. "British cultural studiies an introduction." Third edition.
Routledge, n.d.
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